Survivors praying for victims of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami at the devastated city of Miyako, northeastern Japan, yesterday.
Japanese engineers conceded yesterday that burying a crippled nuclear plant in sand and concrete, the method used to seal huge leakages from Chernobyl in 1986, may be a last resort to prevent a catastrophic radiation release.
But they still hoped to solve the crisis by fixing a power cable to two reactors by today to restart water pumps needed to cool overheating nuclear fuel rods. Workers also sprayed water on the No. 3 reactor, the most critical of the plant's six.
It was the first time the facility operator had acknowledged burying the sprawling complex was possible, a sign that piecemeal actions such as dumping water from military helicopters or scrambling to restart cooling pumps may not work.
"It is not impossible to encase the reactors in concrete. But our priority right now is to try and cool them down first," an official from the plant operator, Tokyo Electric Power Co (Tepco), told a news conference.
As Japan entered its second week after a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and 10m tsunami flattened coastal cities and killed thousands of people, the world's worst nuclear crisis since Chernobyl looked far from over.
The nuclear disaster has triggered global alarm and reviews of safety at atomic power plants around the world.
"This is something that will take some time to work through, possibly weeks, as you eventually remove the majority of the heat from the reactors and then the spent-fuel pools," Gregory Jaczko, chairman of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, told a news conference at the White House.
Millions of people here continued to work from home, some fearing a blast of radioactive material from the complex, 240km to the north, although the International Atomic Energy Agency said radiation levels in the capital were not harmful.
That is little solace for about 300 nuclear plant workers toiling in the radioactive wreckage. They are wearing masks, goggles and protective suits whose seams are sealed off with duct tape to prevent radioactive particles from creeping in.
"My eyes well with tears at the thought of the work they are doing," said Kazuya Aoki, a safety official at Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency.
Even if engineers restore power at the plant, the pumps may be too damaged from the earthquake, tsunami or subsequent explosions to work. The first step is to restore electricity to pumps for reactors No. 1 and 2 by today.
By tomorrow, the government expects cooling pumps for badly damaged reactors No. 3 and No. 4 to have power, said Hidehiko Nishiyama, Japan's nuclear agency spokesman.
Asked about burying the reactors in sand and concrete, he said: "That solution is in the back of our minds, but we are focused on cooling the reactors down."
Some experts said dumping water from helicopters to try to cool spent-fuel pools would have little impact.
"One can put out forest fires like this -- by pouring water from far above," said Gennady Pshakin, a Russian nuclear expert. "It is not clear where this water is falling. There is no control."
Japan raised the incident level at the crippled plant to five on a scale called INES to rank nuclear accidents, up from four on a one to seven scale.
That puts it on a par with the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979, although some experts say it is more serious. Chernobyl was a seven on the INES scale.
US markets, which had tanked earlier in the week on the back of the crisis, rebounded on Thursday but investors were not convinced the advance would last.
The yen has seen steady buying since the earthquake, as Japanese and international investors closed long positions in higher-yielding, riskier assets such as the Australian dollar, funded by cheap borrowing in the Japanese currency.
Expectations that Japanese insurers would repatriate billions of dollars in overseas funds to pay for a reconstruction bill that is expected to be much costlier than the one that followed the Kobe earthquake in 1995 also have helped boost the yen.
The plight of hundreds of thousands left homeless by the earthquake and tsunami worsened following a cold snap that brought heavy snow to worst-affected areas.
Supplies of water, heating oil and fuel are low at evacuation centres, where survivors wait bundled in blankets. Many elderly lack proper medical supplies. Food is often rationed.
The government said yesterday it was considering moving some of the hundreds of thousands of evacuees to parts of the country unscathed by the devastation.
Nearly 320,000 households in the north were still without electricity in near-freezing weather as of yesterday afternoon, Tohuku Electric Power Co said, and the government said at least 1.6 million households lacked running water.
The National Police Agency said it had confirmed 6,539 deaths from the quake and tsunami disaster, exceeding the 6,434 who died after the Kobe earthquake in 1995. But 10,354 people are still missing.
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